Method of designing ophthalmic lens and ophthalmic lens produced by the method

ABSTRACT

A method of designing an ophthalmic lens, comprising the steps of: determining specifications of a temporary lens such that the temporary lens gives an optical power required by a wearer of the ophthalmic lens; applying the temporary lens to a prescribed schematic eye, and effecting emmetropization of an optical system consisting of the temporary lens and the schematic eye; obtaining an optical characteristic of the optical system at a position of an optical axis of the temporary lens which is offset from an optical axis of the schematic eye by a predetermined offset amount; obtaining successively optical characteristics corresponding to different configurations of the temporary lens with the axes of the temporary lens and the schematic eye being offset from each other by the predetermined offset amount; selecting optimum one of the different configurations of the temporary lens which gives optimum one of the successively obtained optical characteristics; and determining specifications of an intended ophthalmic lens as a final product, based on the selected optimum configuration of the temporary lens.

[0001] This application is based on Japanese Patent Application Nos.2000-334177 filed Nov. 1, 2000, and 2001-049880 filed Feb. 26, 2001, thecontents of which are incorporated hereinto by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] 1. Field of the Invention

[0003] The present invention relates in general to a novel method ofdesigning an ophthalmic lens, and an ophthalmic lens produced by themethod. More particularly, the present invention is concerned with amethod of determining specifications of the ophthalmic lens, whichophthalmic lens assures a high degree of visual acuity with highstability while avoiding a variation of the visual acuity even when theoptical axis of the ophthalmic lens is offset from the optical axis ofthe eye of the lens wearer due to a movement of the lens on the corneaor in the eye. Further, the present invention is concerned with a methodof producing the ophthalmic lens based on the determined specifications.The present invention also relates to an ophthalmic lens which isproduced by the method.

[0004] 2. Discussion of Related Art

[0005] Conventionally, an ophthalmic lens such as a contact lens and anintraocular lens is designed independently of the eye to which theophthalmic lens is applied. In other words, the ophthalmic lens isproduced so as to assure an optimum characteristic of imaging on itsoptical axis. For attaining the optimum imaging characteristic, varioustechniques are proposed. For instance, Japanese Patent No. 2859092discloses a method of designing an ophthalmic lens, wherein a path oflight which is incident on each reference point on one of the oppositelens surfaces that has been already formed into an intendedconfiguration is taken into account, and an angle of inclination of theother lens surface at a point located on the light path is determined sothat the light undergoes an intended refracting force. Japanese PatentNo. 2913191 discloses a method of designing a lens by a ray tracingtechnique in an attempt to reduce a spherical aberration of the lens. Inthe disclosed method, the configuration of the refracting surface of thelens is designed as follows. The inclination of a curved surface at anarbitrary height as measured from the optical axis of the refractingsurface is determined such that the light passing the arbitrary heightpasses a desired final pass point which is set in advance, after thelight has passed through the lens. Based on the successively obtainedinclinations of the curved surface at different heights, theconfiguration of the curved surface as a whole is designed.

[0006] Japanese Patent No. 3022640 discloses a method of producing anaspheric lens, comprising the steps of: constructing a mathematicalmodel of a system of a human eye and a preliminary lens; performing ananalysis using the model to trace light ray paths through the lens-eyesystem; varying a value of the aspheric constant k for the preliminarylens to achieve a lens-eye system with a trace of light ray pathsoptimized for sharpest focus by minimizing retinal spot size of therays.

[0007] The above-described conventional methods of designing orproducing the ophthalmic lens aim at optimizing the imagingcharacteristic on the optical axis of the lens. These methods are foroptimizing the imaging characteristic with respect to an opticalschematic of the human eye (schematic eye) by taking into account theeye optical system. The ophthalmic lens designed or produced accordingto the conventional methods assures the optimum imaging characteristicon its optical axis. These methods, however, ignore the fact that thecenter of the pupil of the eye (the optical axis of the eye) is usuallynot aligned with the optical center of the lens while the lens isapplied to or worn on the eye. Accordingly, the optical characteristicof the optical system consisting of the lens and the eye tends to bedeteriorated when the lens is offset from the optical axis of the eye.For example, the optical center of the contact lens is not aligned withthe center of the pupil of the eye in most instances when the contactlens is worn on the eye. The movement of the contact lens on the corneaof the lens wearer's eye and the stable position of the contact lens onthe cornea in which the contact lens is stably held in place varydepending upon the individual lens wearers. Accordingly, the visualacuity and stability tend to fluctuate depending upon the movement andstable position of the contact lens on the cornea of the eye.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] The present invention was developed in the light of thebackground art described above. It is therefore a first object of theinvention to provide a method of designing an ophthalmic lens whichexhibits optical characteristics equal to or close to those exhibited bythe ophthalmic lens when its optical axis is aligned with the opticalaxis of the eye on which the ophthalmic lens is worn, or in which theophthalmic lens is inserted, even if the optical axis of the ophthalmiclens is displaced or offset from that of the eye.

[0009] It is a second object of the invention to provide a method ofproducing an intended ophthalmic lens by the designing method describedabove.

[0010] It is a third object of the invention to provide an ophthalmiclens produced by the designing method described above.

[0011] The first object indicated above may be achieved according to afirst aspect of the present invention, which provides a method ofdesigning an ophthalmic lens, comprising the steps of: determiningspecifications of a temporary lens such that said temporary lens givesan optical power required by a wearer of the ophthalmic lens; applyingsaid temporary lens to a prescribed schematic eye, and effectingemmetropization of an optical system consisting of said temporary lensand said schematic eye; obtaining an optical characteristic of saidoptical system at a position of an optical axis of said temporary lenswhich is offset from an optical axis of said schematic eye by apredetermined offset amount; obtaining successively opticalcharacteristics corresponding to different configurations of saidtemporary lens with said axes of said temporary lens and said schematiceye being offset from each other by said predetermined offset amount;selecting optimum one of said different configurations of said temporarylens which gives optimum one of the successively obtained opticalcharacteristics; and determining specifications of an intendedophthalmic lens as a final product, based on the selected optimumconfiguration of said temporary lens.

[0012] In the present method described above, the optical characteristicof the optical system consisting of the schematic eye and the temporarylens is obtained with the temporary lens being applied to the schematiceye. Further, the optical characteristic of the optical system isobtained at the position of the optical axis of the temporary lens whichis offset from the optical axis of the schematic eye by thepredetermined offset amount that is expected when the ophthalmic lens isactually applied to the eye of the lens wearer. The opticalcharacteristics of the optical system are successively obtainedcorresponding to different configurations of the temporary lens, and theoptimum one of the different configurations of the temporary lens whichgives the optimum one of the successively obtained opticalcharacteristics is selected. On the basis of the selected configurationof the temporary lens, the specifications of the intended ophthalmiclens are determined. Accordingly, the ophthalmic lens whosespecifications are determined based on the optimum configuration of thetemporary lens which gives the optimum optical characteristic assures anexcellent optical characteristic even if the optical axis of theophthalmic lens is offset from that of the lens wearer's eye while theophthalmic lens is actually applied to the eye. Therefore, the visualacuity and stability can be effectively enhanced.

[0013] The above-indicated first object of the present invention mayalso be achieved according to a second aspect of the invention, whichprovides a method of designing an ophthalmic lens, comprising the stepsof: determining specifications of a temporary lens such that thetemporary lens gives an optical power required by a wearer of theophthalmic lens; applying the temporary lens to a prescribed schematiceye, and effecting emmetropization of an optical system consisting ofthe temporary lens and the schematic eye; obtaining, as a referencecharacteristic, an optical characteristic of the optical system at aposition of an optical axis of the temporary lens which is aligned withan optical axis of the schematic eye; obtaining, as a variablecharacteristic, an optical characteristic of the optical system at aposition of the optical axis of the temporary lens which is offset by apredetermined offset amount from the optical axis of the schematic eye;obtaining successively the reference characteristics and the variablecharacteristics corresponding to different configurations of thetemporary lens; selecting one of the different configurations of thetemporary lens, which gives a minimum difference between the referencecharacteristic and the variable characteristic; and determiningspecifications of an intended ophthalmic lens as a final product, basedon the selected configuration of the temporary lens.

[0014] In the present method described above, the optical characteristicof the optical system consisting of the schematic eye and the temporarylens which is applied thereto is obtained as the referencecharacteristic when the emmetropization of the optical system isestablished. Further, the optical characteristic of the optical systemis obtained as the variable characteristic when the optical axis of thetemporary lens is offset by the predetermined offset amount from theoptical axis of the schematic eye. The reference characteristics andvariable characteristics are successively obtained corresponding todifferent configurations of the temporary lens. From among the differentconfigurations of the temporary lens, one of the configurations of thetemporary lens which gives a minimum difference between the referenceand variable characteristics is selected. On the basis of the selectedconfiguration of the temporary lens which gives the minimum differencebetween the reference and variable characteristics, the specificationsof the intended ophthalmic lens are determined. Therefore, theophthalmic lens designed according to the present method described aboveassures an improved optical characteristic even when the optical axis ofthe lens is offset from that of the eye to which the ophthalmic lens isapplied.

[0015] The above-indicated first object of the invention may also beattained according to a third aspect of the invention, which provides amethod of designing an ophthalmic lens, comprising the steps of:determining specifications of a temporary lens such that the temporarylens gives an optical power required by a wearer of the ophthalmic lens;applying the temporary lens to a prescribed schematic eye such that thetemporary lens is located at a position on the schematic eyecorresponding to a stable position on an eye of the wearer in which theophthalmic lens is held in place; obtaining an optical characteristic ofan optical system consisting of the temporary lens and the schematic eyewith the temporary lens being located at the stable position on theschematic eye, obtaining successively optical characteristicscorresponding to different configurations of the temporary lens;selecting optimum one of the different configurations of the temporarylens which gives optimum one of the successively obtained opticalcharacteristics; and determining specifications of an intendedophthalmic lens as a final product, based on the selected optimumconfiguration of the temporary lens.

[0016] In the present method described above, the optical characteristicof the optical system consisting of the temporary lens and the schematiceye is obtained with the temporary lens being located at the stableposition on the schematic eye corresponding to the stable position onthe lens wearer's eye in which the ophthalmic lens is held in place. Inother words, the optical characteristic of the optical system isobtained at a position of the optical axis of the temporary lens whichis offset from the optical axis of the schematic eye by thepredetermined offset amount that is expected when the ophthalmic lens isactually applied to the lens wearer's eye. The optical characteristicsof the optical system are successively obtained corresponding todifferent configurations of the temporary lens. In the present method,the optimum one of the different configurations of the temporary lenswhich gives the optimum one of the successively obtained opticalcharacteristic is selected, and the specifications of the intendedophthalmic lens are determined on the basis of the selected optimumconfiguration of the temporary lens which gives the optimum opticalcharacteristic. Accordingly, the ophthalmic lens whose specificationsare determined based on the optimum configuration of the temporary lenswhich gives the optimum optical characteristic assures an excellentoptical characteristic even if the optical axis of the ophthalmic lensis offset from that of the wearer's eye while the ophthalmic lens isactually applied to the eye. Therefore, the visual acuity and stabilitycan be effectively enhanced.

[0017] The above-indicated first object of the invention may also beattained according to a fourth aspect of the invention, which provides amethod of designing an ophthalmic lens, comprising the steps of:determining specifications of a temporary lens such that the temporarylens gives an optical power required by a wearer of the ophthalmic lens;applying the temporary lens to a prescribed schematic eye such that thetemporary lens is located at a position on the schematic eyecorresponding to a stable position on an eye of the wearer in which theophthalmic lens is held in place, and effecting emmetropization of theoptical system with the temporary lens being located at the stableposition on the schematic eye; obtaining an optical characteristic ofthe optical system while the emmetropization of the optical system isestablished, obtaining successively optical characteristicscorresponding to different configurations of the temporary lens;selecting optimum one of the different configurations of the temporarylens which gives optimum one of the successively obtained opticalcharacteristics; and determining specifications of an intendedophthalmic lens as a final product, based on the selected optimumconfiguration of the temporary lens.

[0018] In the present method described above, the temporary lens islocated at the stable position on the schematic eye corresponding to thestable position on the lens wearer's eye in which the ophthalmic lens isheld in place. The optical characteristic of the optical systemconsisting of the schematic eye and the temporary lens which is locatedat the stable position on the schematic eye is obtained while theemmetropization of the optical system is established. The opticalcharacteristics are successively obtained corresponding to the differentconfigurations of the temporary lens while the emmetropization of theoptical system is established. In the present method, the optimum one ofthe different configurations of the temporary lens which gives theoptimum one of the successively obtained optical characteristics isselected, and the specifications of the intended ophthalmic lens aredetermined on the basis of the selected optimum configuration of thetemporary lens which gives the optimum optical characteristic.Accordingly, the present method permits an easy and advantageousdesigning of the ophthalmic lens which exhibits an excellent opticalcharacteristic.

[0019] In one preferred form of the above-described first and secondaspects of the invention, the emmetropization of the optical system iseffected with the optical axes of the temporary lens and the schematiceye being aligned with each other.

[0020] In one preferred form of the above-described first, second andfourth aspects of the invention, the emmetropization of the opticalsystem is effected by changing at least one of the following parametersselected from the group consisting of: an axial length of the schematiceye, a radius of curvature of a front surface of a cornea of theschematic eye, a radius curvature of a back surface of the cornea of theschematic eye, a radius of curvature of a front surface of a crystallinelens of the schematic eye, a radius of curvature of a back surface ofthe crystalline lens of the schematic eye, a diameter of a pupil of theschematic eye, and an optical power of a corrective lens.

[0021] In the above-described methods according to the first throughfourth aspects of the invention, the optical characteristics of theoptical system is preferably calculated by at least one of a wavefrontaberration, a point spread function (PSF), a modulation transferfunction (MTF), and a resolving power, for thereby facilitating amathematical analysis of the optical characteristic of the opticalsystem.

[0022] In another preferred form of the above-indicated first throughfourth aspects of the invention, the schematic eye corresponds to an eyeof the wearer who wears the ophthalmic lens.

[0023] In yet another preferred form the above-indicated first andsecond aspects of the invention, the ophthalmic lens is a contact lens,and the predetermined offset amount of the optical axis of the temporarylens from the optical axis of the schematic eye is not greater than 30°.The predetermined offset amount is preferably divided into a pluralityof divisions, each division being not greater than 10°, and the opticalcharacteristic is obtained at an end point of each of the plurality ofdivisions. According to this arrangement, the optimum opticalcharacteristic is advantageously selected by taking into account theoptical characteristics obtained at the respective end points of theplurality of divisions of the offset amount.

[0024] In a further preferred form the above-indicated first and secondaspects of the invention, the ophthalmic lens is an intraocular lens,and the predetermined offset amount of the optical axis of the temporarylens from the optical axis of the schematic eye is not greater than 4mm. The predetermined offset amount is preferably divided into aplurality of divisions, each division being not greater than 2 mm, andthe optical characteristic is obtained at an end point of each of theplurality of divisions. According to this arrangement, the optimumoptical characteristic is advantageously selected by taking into accountthe optical characteristics obtained at the respective end points of theplurality of divisions.

[0025] The above-described second object of the invention may beattained according to a fifth aspect of the invention, which provides amethod of producing an ophthalmic lens based on the specificationsdetermined by any one of the methods according to the first throughfourth aspects of the invention described above. The ophthalmic lensproduced by the present method exhibits an excellent opticalcharacteristic.

[0026] The above-indicated third object of the invention may be attainedaccording to a sixth aspect of the invention, which provides anophthalmic lens produced by any one of the methods according to thefirst through fourth aspects of the invention described above. Thepresent ophthalmic lens assures improved visual acuity and stabilityeven if the optical axis of the ophthalmic lens is offset from theoptical axis of the eye of the lens wearer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0027] The above and other objects, features, advantages and technicaland industrial significance of the present invention will be betterunderstood by reading the following detailed description of presentlypreferred embodiments of the invention, when considered in connectionwith the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0028]FIG. 1 is a flow chart illustrating steps for designing anophthalmic lens according to a first embodiment of the invention;

[0029]FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating steps for designing anophthalmic lens according to a second embodiment of the invention;

[0030]FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating steps for designing anophthalmic lens according to a third embodiment of the invention;

[0031]FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating steps for designing anophthalmic lens according to a fourth embodiment of the invention; and

[0032]FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating steps for designing anophthalmic lens according to a fifth embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0033] Referring first to a flow chart of FIG. 1, there are shown stepsfor designing an ophthalmic lens according to a first embodiment of thepresent invention. The flow chart starts with step S1 in which thespecifications of a temporary or trial lens which gives the intendedophthalmic lens are determined such that the temporary lens gives anoptical power required by a wearer of the ophthalmic lens. The opticalpower required by the lens wearer is determined by various examinationsof the eye to which the intended ophthalmic lens is applied, usingvarious known devices. Based on the knowledge of those skilled in theart of the ophthalmic lens, the configuration of the temporary lens istemporaryly determined, and the specifications of the temporary lenssuch as a base curve (BC) of a back surface, a front curve (FC) of afront surface, a diameter (DIA), a center thickness (CT), an asphericcoefficient, etc. are determined by taking into account a refractiveindex of a lens material.

[0034] Step S1 is followed by step S2 in which the temporary lens and asuitable schematic eye are located on a common optical axis. In otherwords, the temporary lens is applied to the schematic eye with theiroptical axes being aligned with each other. The temporary lens appliedto the schematic eye is mathematically expressed for calculating theoptical characteristic described below.

[0035] As the schematic eye used in the present embodiment, variousknown schematic eyes can be employed. In the present embodiment, theGullstrand Schematic Eye at non-accommodating state having the followingparameters is used.

[0036] (1) Radius of curvature (mm)

[0037] cornea front surface/back surface: 7.7/6.8

[0038] crystalline lens front surface/back surface: 10.0/-6.0

[0039] (2) Position of the refracting surface (mm)

[0040] cornea front surface/back surface: 0.0/0.5

[0041] crystalline lens front surface: 3.6

[0042] crystalline lens back surface: 7.2

[0043] macula :24.0

[0044] (3) Refractive index

[0045] cornea : 1.376

[0046] aqueous humor : 1.336

[0047] crystalline lens : 1.386

[0048] In the present embodiment, the values of any one of theparameters (1)-(3) may be replaced with those obtained from the eye ofthe lens wearer, so that the known schematic eye is approximated to theeye of the lens wearer. The schematic eye which approximates the lenswearer's eye can be used in the present embodiment in place of the knownschematic eye such as the Gullstrand Schematic Eye described above. Theschematic eye which approximates the lens wearer's eye is obtained, forinstance, on the basis of the radii of curvature of the front and backsurfaces of the cornea and the radii of curvature of the front and backsurfaces of the crystalline lens measured from the lens wearer's eye.Alternatively, the schematic eye which approximates the lens wearer'seye is obtained on the basis of the positions of refracting surfacemeasured from the lens wearer's eye by utilizing the ultrasonic wave.The thus obtained schematic eye approximating the lens wearer's eyepermits a higher degree of accuracy in designing the ophthalmic lens.

[0049] Step S2 is followed by step S3 in which the emmetropizaion of theoptical system consisting of the schematic eye and the temporary lenswhose optical axes are aligned with each other is effected by changingan axial length of the schematic eye, for thereby permitting an image tobe formed on the retina of the schematic eye (i.e., locating an imagesurface on the retina).

[0050] Step S3 is followed by step S4 in which the position of theoptical axis of the temporary lens is offset by a predetermined offsetamount from the optical axis of the schematic eye, and the opticalcharacteristic of the optical system consisting of the schematic eye andthe temporary lens is obtained at the position of the optical axis ofthe temporary lens which is offset from the optical axis of theschematic eye by the predetermined offset amount. In general, thisoffset amount is determined based on an average value of the offsetamounts corresponding to the different stable positions of theophthalmic lens on the ordinary lens wearers' eyes, or a maximum valueof the offset amount. When the ophthalmic lens is a contact lens, theoffset amount represented by an angle defined by the intersectingoptical axes of the contact lens and the schematic eye is determined tobe not greater than 30°. When the ophthalmic lens is an intraocularlens, the offset amount represented by a distance between the opticalaxes of the intraocular lens and the schematic eye as measured on thecornea of the schematic eye is determined to be not greater than 4 mm.

[0051] Step S4 is followed by step S5 in which the opticalcharacteristics of the optical system consisting of the schematic eyeand the temporary lens whose optical axes are offset from each other bythe predetermined offset amount are successively obtained correspondingto different configurations of the temporary lens. From among thedifferent configurations of the temporary lens, the optimumconfiguration which gives optimum one of the successively obtainedoptical characteristics is selected.

[0052] In step S5, the optical characteristics of the optical system areobtained corresponding to the different configurations of the temporarylens in which at least one parameter of the specifications is changed.In view of the fact that the base curve (BC) of the back surface of thecontact lens is generally determined so as to match the radius ofcurvature of the lens wearer's eye, it is preferable to keep the basecurve at a constant value. Accordingly, other parameters such as thefront curve (FC) of the front surface, the center thickness (CT), andthe aspheric coefficient of the temporary lens are changed to give thedifferent configurations of the temporary lens.

[0053] The optical characteristic of the optical system consisting ofthe temporary lens and the schematic eye obtained in step S5 isrepresented by a numerical value calculated by a wavefront aberration, aPSF (Point Spread Function), or a MTF (Modulation Transfer Function),which are relevant to one another, or a numerical value of a resolvingpower. The wavefront aberration, PSF, MTF, and resolving power arefunctions known in the art indicative of the optical characteristic. Thewavefront aberration is recognized as a deviation of a wavefront whichhas passed through an optical system, from an ideal wavefront, andobtained as a difference between the wavefront obtained by a ray tracingtechnique and a reference wavefront whose center lies at an ideal imagepoint. The PSF is recognized as a function representing an intensitydistribution of an image of a point object in an object space, which isformed on an image surface formed by the optical system. The PSF isrepresented by the point image intensity distribution I (x, y)calculated by the following formula:${a\left( {x,y} \right)} = {\frac{1}{S}{\int{\int_{- \infty}^{\infty}{{\exp \left\lbrack {i\left\{ {{\frac{2\quad \pi}{\lambda}{W\left( {\xi,\eta} \right)}} - \left( {{x\quad \xi} + {y\quad \eta}} \right)} \right\}} \right\rbrack}{\xi}{\eta}}}}}$

 I (x, y)=a (x, y)·a* (x, y)

[0054] wherein: a*(x, y) is a conjugate complex number of a(x, y),

[0055] (x, y) are coordinate values of a point in the vicinity of theimage point,

[0056] W is a pupil function,

[0057] (ξ, n) are coordinate values of the pupil

[0058] S is a surface area of the pupil

[0059] π is a ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter,

[0060] λ is a wavelength, and

[0061] i is an imaginary number.

[0062] The MTF is recognized as a function of a spatial frequency whichrepresents a change of a contrast of an image in a sinusoidal wavepattern. The MTF is generated by Fourier transformation of the pointimage intensity distribution I (x, y) of the PSF.

[0063] The resolving power is recognized as a quantity indicative of aperformance of a lens, and is indicated by an inverse number of aminimum width (mm) of a pair of black and white images distinguished ina test target.

[0064] The calculation of the optical characteristic is known in theart, and is effected by using commercially available software packagessuch as “OSLO SIX” available from Sinclair Optics, Inc., and “ZEMAX”available from Focus Software, Inc.

[0065] The optical characteristics are successively obtainedcorresponding to different configurations of the temporary lens whoseoptical axis is offset from the optical axis of the schematic eye by thepredetermined offset amount. From among the successively obtainedoptical characteristics, the optimum one of the optical characteristicsis selected, and one of the different configurations of the temporarylens which gives the optimum optical characteristic is determined.

[0066] Step S5 is followed by Step S6 to determine the specifications(such as BC, FC, DIA, CT, and aspheric coefficient) of an intendedophthalmic lens based on the selected optimum configuration of thetemporary lens.

[0067] In the method of designing the ophthalmic lens wherein thespecifications of the intended ophthalmic lens are determined accordingto the flow chart of FIG. 1 of the first embodiment of the invention,the offset amount of the optical axis of the ophthalmic lens from thecenter of the pupil (the optical axis of the schematic eye) isdetermined by taking into account the stable position of the ophthalmiclens on the eye model (the schematic eye), in which the lens is stablyheld in place. The optical characteristics corresponding to thedifferent configurations are obtained with the optical axis of thetemporary lens being offset from the optical axis of the schematic eyeby the offset amount determined as described above. In the presentmethod, the optimum one of the different configurations of the temporarylens which gives the optimum one of the plurality of opticalcharacteristics is selected, and the specifications of the intendedophthalmic lens are determined on the basis of the selected optimumconfiguration of the temporary lens. Accordingly, the ophthalmic lenswhose specifications are determined as described above exhibits anexcellent optical characteristic irrespective of the movement of theophthalmic lens on the lens wearer's eye to which the lens is applied.Therefore, the ophthalmic lens designed as described above effectivelyassures improved visual acuity and stability.

[0068] Referring next to the flow chart of FIG. 2, there is shownanother method of designing an ophthalmic lens according to a secondembodiment of the invention.

[0069] The flow chart of FIG. 2 is identical with the flow chart of FIG.1, except for steps S14 through S18. Steps S11 through S13 and step S19in the flow chart of FIG. 2 correspond to Steps S1 through S3 and stepS6 in the flow chart of FIG. 1, respectively.

[0070] In steps S11 through S13 in the flow chart of FIG. 2corresponding to steps S1 through S3 in the flow chart of FIG. 1, thetemporary lens is applied to the prescribed schematic eye such that theoptical axis of the temporary lens is aligned with that of the schematiceye, and the optical system consisting of the temporary lens and theschematic eye is subjected to the emmetropization. In the following stepS14, the optical characteristic (0) of the optical system is obtained asa reference characteristic.

[0071] Step S14 is followed by step S15 in which the position of theoptical axis of the temporary lens is offset from the optical axis ofthe schematic eye by a predetermined offset amount that is expected whenthe ophthalmic lens such as a contact lens or an intraocular lens isactually applied to the eye of the lens wearer. In the following stepS16, the optical characteristic (1) of the optical system is obtained asa variable characteristic, at the position of the optical axis of thetemporary lens which is offset by the predetermined offset amount fromthe optical axis of the schematic eye.

[0072] Steps S14 through S16 are repeatedly executed to obtain aplurality of pairs of the reference characteristic (0) and the variablecharacteristic (1) corresponding to different configurations of thetemporary lens. To this end, step S16 is followed by step S17 todetermine whether the reference and variable characteristics have beenobtained for all of the different configurations of the temporary lens.If a negative decision (NO) is obtained in step S17, the control flowgoes to step S18 to change the configuration of the temporary lens,namely, to select the next configuration of the temporary lens. If it isdetermined in step S17 that the reference and variable characteristicshave been obtained for all of the different configurations of thetemporary lens, step S19 is implemented to first select one of thedifferent configurations of the temporary lens which gives one of theplurality of pairs of the reference and variable characteristics whosedifference is minimum, and then determine the specifications of theintended ophthalmic lens, based on the selected configuration of thetemporary lens which gives the minimum difference between the referenceand variable characteristics.

[0073] In the method of designing the ophthalmic lens according to theflow chart of FIG. 2 of the second embodiment of the invention, thereference characteristic (0) of the optical system is obtained while theemmetropization of the optical system is established, and the variablecharacteristic (1) of the optical system is obtained at the position ofthe optical axis of the temporary lens which is offset by thepredetermined offset amount from the optical axis of the schematic eye.These reference characteristic (0) and variable characteristic (1) areobtained for every one of the different configurations of the temporarylens. Among the different configurations of the temporary lens, one ofthe configurations which gives a minimum difference between thereference and variable characteristics is selected. On the basis of theselected configuration of the temporary lens, the specifications of theintended ophthalmic lens are determined. According to this arrangement,the ophthalmic lens having an improved lens characteristic can bedesigned with high accuracy. Therefore, the ophthalmic lens designedaccording to the present method exhibits a lens characteristic equal to,or close to that of the ophthalmic lens when its optical axis is alignedwith the optical axis of the eye, even if the optical axis of theophthalmic lens is offset or moved from the optical axis of the eye towhich the ophthalmic lens is applied.

[0074] If the offset amount of the optical axis of the temporary lensfrom the optical axis of the schematic eye is relatively large, theoffset amount may be divided into a plurality of divisions, and theoptical characteristic of the optical system consisting of the temporarylens and schematic eye is obtained at an end point of each of theplurality of divisions. In this case, an effective lens characteristiccan be obtained by taking into account a plurality of opticalcharacteristics obtained at the respective end points of the pluralityof divisions of the offset amount. One example of this arrangement isshown in a flow chart of FIG. 3 according to a third embodiment of theinvention.

[0075] In steps S21 through S23 of the flow chart of FIG. 3corresponding to steps S1 through S3 of the flow chart of FIG. 1, theemmetropization of the optical system consisting of the schematic eyeand the temporary lens is effected with the optical axes of theschematic eye and the temporary lens being aligned with each other. Inthe following step S24, the optical characteristic (0) of the opticalsystem is obtained while the emmetropization of the optical system isestablished.

[0076] Step S24 is followed by step S25 in which the offset amount ofthe optical axis of the temporary lens from the optical axis of theschematic eye is determined. The offset amount is suitably determineddepending upon the kind of the ophthalmic lens. When the ophthalmic lensis a contact lens, the offset amount represented by an angle defined bythe intersecting optical axes of the contact lens and the schematic eyeis determined to be not greater than 30°. When the ophthalmic lens is anintraocular lens, the offset amount represented by a distance betweenthe optical axes of the intraocular lens and the schematic eye asmeasured on the cornea of the schematic eye is determined to be notgreater than 4 mm.

[0077] Step S25 is followed by step S26 in which the determined offsetamount is divided into a plurality of divisions. The amount of eachdivision is suitably determined depending upon the kind of theophthalmic lens. When the ophthalmic lens is a contact lens, the amountof each division represented by an angle defined by the intersectingoptical axes of the schematic eye and the temporary lens is not greaterthan 10°, and the optical characteristic of the optical system isobtained at an end point of each of the plurality of divisions. When theophthalmic lens is an intraocular lens, the amount of each divisionrepresented by a distance between the optical axes of the schematic eyeand the temporary lens is not greater than 2 mm as measured on thecornea of the schematic eye, and the optical characteristic of theoptical system is obtained at en end point of each of the plurality ofdivisions.

[0078] Step S26 is followed by step S27 in which the opticalcharacteristic (n) of the optical system is obtained, at a position ofthe optical axis of the temporary lens which is offset from the opticalaxis of the schematic eye by a distance corresponding to one of theplurality of divisions_of the offset amount determined in step S26.

[0079] Step S27 is followed by step S28 to determine whether the opticalaxis of the temporary lens has been offset from the optical axis of theschematic lens by the offset amount determined in step S25. If anegative decision (NO) is obtained in step S28, the control flow goesback to step S27 to offset the optical axis of the temporary lens by afurther distance corresponding to one division of the offset amount, andthe optical characteristic (n) of the optical system is obtained at theposition of the optical axis of the temporary lens which is offset fromthe optical axis of the schematic lens by a total distance correspondingto two divisions of the offset amount. In essence, steps S27 and S28 arerepeatedly executed until the position of the optical axis of thetemporary lens is offset from the optical axis of the schematic lens bythe predetermined offset amount determined in step S25, and the opticalcharacteristic (n) of the optical system is obtained at the end point ofeach of a plurality of divisions.

[0080] If an affirmative decision (YES) is obtained in step S28, namely,when the position of the optical axis of the temporary lens has beenoffset from the optical axis of the schematic eye by the predeterminedoffset amount, step S29 is executed to determine whether the opticalcharacteristics (0) and (n) have been obtained for all of differentconfigurations of the temporary lens. If a negative decision (NO) isobtained in step S29, the control flow goes to step S30 to change theconfiguration of the temporary lens, namely, to select the nextconfiguration of the temporary lens. Steps S24 through S30 arerepeatedly executed so as to obtain a plurality of pairs of the opticalcharacteristics (0) and (n) corresponding to all of the differentconfigurations of the temporary lens.

[0081] If an affirmative decision (YES) is obtained in step S29, thecontrol flow goes to step S31 to select one of the differentconfigurations of the temporary lens which gives one of the plurality ofpairs of the optical characteristics (0) and (n) whose deviation isminimum. On the basis of the selected configuration of the temporarylens, the specifications of an intended ophthalmic lens are determinedalso in step S31.

[0082] In the method of designing the ophthalmic lens according to theflow chart of FIG. 3 of the third embodiment of the invention, theoptical characteristics (0) as the reference characteristic and theoptical characteristics (n) as the variable characteristic are obtainedcorresponding to the different configurations of the temporary lens, andone of the different configurations of the temporary lens is selected,which configuration gives one of the plurality of pairs of the opticalcharacteristics (0) and (n) whose deviation is minimum. In the presentembodiment wherein the optical characteristics (n) are obtained at therespective end points of the plurality of divisions of the offsetamount, it is easy to select the above-indicated one pair of the opticalcharacteristics (0) and (n) whose deviation is minimum. Further, theconfiguration of the temporary lens which gives the optimum opticalcharacteristic is determined by taking into account the opticalcharacteristics obtained at the respective end points of a plurality ofdivisions of the offset amount, so that the specifications of theintended ophthalmic lens are advantageously determined.

[0083] Referring next to a flow chart of FIG. 4, there will be explainedanother method of designing an ophthalmic lens according to a fourthembodiment of the invention. The flow chart of FIG. 4 starts with stepS41 in which the specifications of a temporary lens which gives theintended ophthalmic lens are determined such that the temporary lensgives an optical power required by a wearer of the ophthalmic lens. Theoptical power required by the lens wearer is determined by variousexaminations of the eye to which the intended ophthalmic lens isapplied, using various known devices. Based on the knowledge of thoseskilled in the art of the ophthalmic lens, the configuration of thetemporary lens is temporaryly determined, and the specifications of thetemporary lens such as a base curve (BC) of a back surface, a frontcurve (FC) of a front surface, a diameter (DIA), a center thickness(CT), an aspheric coefficient, etc. are determined by taking intoaccount a refractive index of a lens material.

[0084] Step S41 is followed by step S42 in which the temporary lens isapplied to a suitable schematic eye. The temporary lens applied to theschematic eye is mathematically expressed for calculating the opticalcharacteristic described below.

[0085] The schematic eye used in this fourth embodiment is the same asthat (the Gullstrand schematic eye in the non-accommodating state)described above with respect to the first embodiment, and a detailexplanation of which is dispensed with. As described in the firstembodiment, the schematic eye which is approximated to the eye of thewearer of the ophthalmic lens by suitably changing the values of any oneof the parameters in the Gullstrancd schematic eye may be used.

[0086] Step S42 is followed by step S43 in which the position of theoptical axis of the temporary lens is offset by a predetermined offsetamount from the optical axis of the schematic eye, such that thetemporary lens is located at a stable position on the schematic eyecorresponding to a stable position on the eye of the lens wearer inwhich the ophthalmic lens is held in place. The stable position of theophthalmic lens on the wearer's eye is determined by actually applying atest lens (ophthalmic lens) to the wearer's eye and obtaining an offsetamount of the optical axis of the ophthalmic lens from the optical axisof the wearer's eye while the ophthalmic lens is stably held in place.The temporary lens is located on the stable position on the schematiceye such that the optical axis of the temporary lens is offset from theoptical axis of the schematic eye by the offset amount obtained asdescribed above. In designing a standard ophthalmic lens, an averagevalue of the offset amounts corresponding to the different stablepositions of the ophthalmic lens on the ordinary lens wearers' eyes isemployed. When the ophthalmic lens is a contact lens, the offset amountrepresented by an angle defined by the intersecting optical axes of thetemporary lens and the schematic eye is determined to be not greaterthan 30°. When the ophthalmic lens is an intraocular lens, the offsetamount represented by a distance between the optical axes of thetemporary lens and the schematic eye as measured on the cornea of theschematic eye is determined to be not greater than 4 mm.

[0087] With the temporary lens being located at the stable position onthe schematic eye as described above, the optical characteristic of theoptical system consisting of the schematic eye and the temporary lens isobtained. In the following steps S44 through S46, the opticalcharacteristics are successively obtained corresponding to differentconfigurations of the temporary lens, and one of the differentconfigurations of the temporary lens which gives optimum one of thesuccessively obtained optical characteristics is selected.

[0088] Described more specifically, while the temporary lens is locatedat the stable position on the schematic eye with the optical axis of thetemporary lens being offset from the optical axis of the schematic eyeby the predetermined offset amount (step S43), the opticalcharacteristic of the optical system is obtained (step S44). A pluralityof optical characteristics corresponding to the different configurationsof the temporary lens are successively obtained (step S45), and one ofthe configurations of the temporary lens which gives optimum one of theplurality of optical characteristics is selected (step S46).

[0089] In step S45, the optical characteristics of the optical systemare obtained corresponding to the different configurations of thetemporary lens in which at least one parameter of the specifications ischanged. In view of the fact that the base curve (BC) of the backsurface of the contact lens is generally determined so as to match theradius of curvature of the lens wearer's eye, it is preferable to keepthe base curve at a constant value. Accordingly, other parameters suchas the front curve (FC) of the front surface, the center thickness (CT),and the aspheric coefficient of the temporary lens are changed to givethe different configurations of the temporary lens.

[0090] The optical characteristics obtained in steps S44 and S45 arecalculated by at least one of the wavefront aberration, PSF, MTF, andresolving power as described in the first embodiment, and a detailedexplanation of which is dispensed with. The calculation of the opticalcharacteristic is known in the art, and is effected by usingcommercially available software packages as described above with respectto the first embodiment.

[0091] The optical characteristics are successively obtainedcorresponding to the different configurations of the temporary lens withthe optical axis of the temporary lens being offset from the opticalaxis of the schematic eye by the predetermined offset amount. From amongthe successively obtained optical characteristics, the optimum opticalcharacteristic is selected, and one of the different configurations ofthe temporary lens which gives the optimum optical characteristic isdetermined.

[0092] Step S45 is followed by Step S46 to determine the specifications(such as BC, FC, DIA, CT, and aspheric coefficient) of an intendedophthalmic lens, based on the selected optimum configuration of thetemporary lens.

[0093] In the method of designing the ophthalmic lens wherein thespecifications of the intended ophthalmic lens are determined accordingto the flow chart of FIG. 4 of the fourth embodiment, the offset amountof the optical axis of the ophthalmic lens from the center of the pupil(the optical axis of the schematic eye) is determined by taking intoaccount the stable position of the ophthalmic lens on the eye model (theschematic eye), in which the lens is stably held in place. The opticalcharacteristics corresponding to the different configurations of thetemporary lens are obtained with the optical axis of the temporary lensbeing offset from the optical axis of the schematic eye by the offsetamount determined as described above. In the present method, the optimumone of the different configurations of the temporary lens which givesthe optimum one of the plurality of optical characteristics is selected,and the specifications of the intended ophthalmic lens are determined onthe basis of the selected optimum configuration of the temporary lens.Accordingly, the ophthalmic lens whose specifications are determined asdescribed above exhibits an excellent optical characteristicirrespective of the movement of the ophthalmic lens on the lens wearer'seye to which the lens is applied. Therefore, ophthalmic lens designed asdescribed above effectively assures improved visual acuity andstability.

[0094] The method of designing the ophthalmic lens according to the flowchart of FIG. 4 of the fourth embodiment may be modified so as toinclude a step of effecting the emmetropization of the optical system.The modified method is indicated by a flow chart of FIG. 5.

[0095] The flow chart of FIG. 5 according to a fifth embodiment of theinvention is identical with the flow chart of FIG. 4 according to thefourth embodiment, except for step S54. Steps S51 through S53 and stepsS55 through S58 in the flow chart of FIG. 5 correspond to Steps S41through S47 in the flow chart of FIG. 4.

[0096] In steps S51 through S53 of the flow chart of FIG. 5corresponding to steps S41 through S43 of the flow chart of FIG. 4, thetemporary lens is applied to the prescribed schematic eye such that thetemporary lens is located at a stable position on the schematic eyecorresponding to a stable position on the eye of the lens wearer inwhich the ophthalmic lens is held in place, with the optical axis of thetemporary lens being offset from the optical axis of the schematic eyeby a predetermined offset amount.

[0097] In the following step S54, the emmetropization of the opticalsystem consisting of the schematic eye and the temporary lens which isapplied thereto is effected. Described in detail, the emmetropizaion ofthe optical system is effected with the temporary lens being located atthe stable position on the schematic eye, by changing an axial length ofthe schematic eye, for thereby permitting an image to be formed on theretina of the schematic eye.

[0098] Thereafter, steps S55 through S58 are executed in a mannersimilar to that in steps S44 through S47 of the flow chart of FIG. 4 inthe fourth embodiment, for thereby determining the specifications of theintended ophthalmic lens.

[0099] In the designing method of the flow chart of FIG. 5 according tothe fifth embodiment of the invention wherein the step of effecting theemmetropization of the optical system (step S54) is included, theoptimum optical characteristic can be easily selected from among aplurality of optical characteristics corresponding to the differentconfigurations of the temporary lens, as compared with the designingmethod of the flow chart of FIG. 4 of the fourth embodiment wherein theoptimum optical characteristic is selected from among a plurality ofoptical characteristics which are obtained while the emmetropization ofthe optical system is effected for the different configurations of thetemporary lens by changing the values of the optical power of the lens.Accordingly, the present method permits an easy and accurate designingof the ophthalmic lens.

[0100] In producing an intended ophthalmic lens, e.g., a contact lens,based on the specifications determined according to the flow chart ofFIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 described above, a working operation such ascutting or grinding is effected by using a suitable lens material havinga predetermined refractive index, such that the lens material is formedinto the intended contact lens having the determined specifications.Alternatively, the intended contact lens is produced by a moldingoperation in which a monomer is polymerized in a mold cavity of a moldassembly, which mold cavity is formed such that the contact lens to beobtained therein has the base curve (BC), front curve (FC), diameter(DIA), central thickness (CT), and aspheric coefficient according to thedetermined specifications.

[0101] While the presently preferred embodiments of this invention havebeen described in detail by reference to the flow charts which arerepresentative examples of the invention, it is to be understood thatthe invention may be otherwise embodied.

[0102] Although the principle of the present invention is advantageouslyemployed in designing a contact lens, it is also employed in designingother ophthalmic lenses such as an intraocular lens. Further, thepresent invention permits designing of the contact lens irrespective ofwhether a tear lens is present or not during wear of the contact lens.

[0103] The ophthalmic lens can be designed according to the presentinvention irrespective of the sign (+)(−) of the refractive power of theophthalmic lens. The principle of the present invention can beadvantageously employed in designing ophthalmic lenses having variousrefractive powers, such as a monofocal lens and a multifocal lens.

[0104] In the illustrated embodiments, the schematic eye as well as thespecifications of the temporary lens is represented by numerical values,for thereby simulating the optical system consisting of the temporarylens and the schematic eye in which the image is formed on the retina ofthe schematic eye, so as to determine the specifications of the intendedophthalmic lens. The specifications of the ophthalmic lens can bedetermined by various other techniques which may occur to those skilledin the art.

[0105] In the illustrated first and second embodiments, theemmetropization of the optical system consisting of the schematic eyeand the temporary lens is effected with the optical axes of theschematic eye and the temporary lens being aligned with each other. Theemmetropization may be effected without the optical axes of theschematic eye and the temporary lens being aligned with each other.Although the emmetropization of the optical system is established bychanging the axial length of the schematic eye in the illustrated first,second, third, and fifth embodiments, the emmetroizaiton may beestablished by changing at least one of the axial length of theschematic eye, the radius of curvature of the front surface of cornea,the radius of curvature of the back surface of the cornea, the radius ofcurvature of the front surface of the crystalline lens, the radius ofcurvature of the back surface of the crystalline lens, the diameter ofthe pupil, the optical power of a corrective lens.

[0106] It is to be understood that the present invention may be embodiedwith various other changes, modifications and improvement, which mayoccur to those skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention defined in the following claims:

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of designing an ophthalmic lens,comprising the steps of: determining specifications of a temporary lenssuch that said temporary lens gives an optical power required by awearer of the ophthalmic lens; applying said temporary lens to aprescribed schematic eye, and effecting emmetropization of an opticalsystem consisting of said temporary lens and said schematic eye;obtaining an optical characteristic of said optical system at a positionof an optical axis of said temporary lens which is offset from anoptical axis of said schematic eye by a predetermined offset amount;obtaining successively optical characteristics corresponding todifferent configurations of said temporary lens with said axes of saidtemporary lens and said schematic eye being offset from each other bysaid predetermined offset amount; selecting optimum one of saiddifferent configurations of said temporary lens which gives optimum oneof the successively obtained optical characteristics; and determiningspecifications of an intended ophthalmic lens as a final product, basedon the selected optimum configuration of said temporary lens.
 2. Amethod according to claim 1, wherein said emmertropization of saidoptical system is effected with said optical axes of said temporary lensand said schematic eye being aligned with each other.
 3. A methodaccording to claim 1, wherein said emmetropization of said opticalsystem is effected by changing at least one of the following parametersselected from the group consisting of: an axial length of said schematiceye, a radius of curvature of a front surface of a cornea of saidschematic eye, a radius curvature of a back surface of the cornea ofsaid schematic eye, a radius of curvature of a front surface of acrystalline lens of said schematic eye, a radius of curvature of a backsurface of the crystalline lens of said schematic eye, a diameter of apupil of said schematic eye, and an optical power of a corrective lens.4. A method according to claim 1, wherein said optical characteristic ofsaid optical system is calculated by at least one of a wavefrontaberration, a point spread function (PSF), a modulation transferfunction (MTF), and a resolving power.
 5. A method according to claim 1,wherein said schematic eye corresponds to an eye of said wearer whowears the ophthalmic lens.
 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein theophthalmic lens is a contact lens, and said predetermined offset amountof said optical axis of said temporary lens from said optical axis ofsaid schematic eye is not greater than 30°.
 7. A method according toclaim 1, wherein said predetermined offset amount is divided into aplurality of divisions, each division being not greater than 10°, andsaid optical characteristic is obtained at an end point of each of saidplurality of divisions.
 8. A method according to claim 1, wherein theophthalmic lens is an intraocular lens, and said predetermined offsetamount of said optical axis of said temporary lens from said opticalaxis of said schematic eye is not greater than 4 mm.
 9. A methodaccording to claim 1, wherein said predetermined offset amount isdivided into a plurality of divisions, each division being not greaterthan 2 mm, and said optical characteristic is obtained at an end pointof each of said plurality of divisions.
 10. A method of producing anophthalmic lens based on the specifications determined according themethod defined in claim
 1. 11. An ophthalmic lens produced according tothe method defined in claim
 1. 12. A method of designing an ophthalmiclens, comprising the steps of: determining specifications of a temporarylens such that said temporary lens gives an optical power required by awearer of the ophthalmic lens; applying said temporary lens to aprescribed schematic eye, and effecting emmetropization of an opticalsystem consisting of said temporary lens and said schematic eye;obtaining, as a reference characteristic, an optical characteristic ofsaid optical system at a position of an optical axis of said temporarylens which is aligned with an optical axis of said schematic eye;obtaining, as a variable characteristic, an optical characteristic ofsaid optical system at a position of said optical axis of said temporarylens which is offset by a predetermined offset amount from said opticalaxis of said schematic eye; obtaining successively said referencecharacteristics and said variable characteristics corresponding todifferent configurations of said temporary lens; selecting one of saiddifferent configurations of said temporary lens, which gives a minimumdifference between said reference characteristic and said variablecharacteristic; and determining specifications of an intended ophthalmiclens as a final product, based on the selected configuration of saidtemporary lens.
 13. A method according to claim 12, wherein saidemmertropization of said optical system is effected with said opticalaxes of said temporary lens and said schematic eye being aligned witheach other.
 14. A method according to claim 12, wherein saidemmetropization of said optical system is effected by changing at leastone of the following parameters selected from the group consisting of:an axial length of said schematic eye, a radius of curvature of a frontsurface of a cornea of said schematic eye, a radius curvature of a backsurface of the cornea of said schematic eye, a radius of curvature of afront surface of a crystalline lens of said schematic eye, a radius ofcurvature of a back surface of the crystalline lens of said schematiceye, a diameter of a pupil of said schematic eye, and an optical powerof a corrective lens.
 15. A method according to claim 12, wherein saidoptical characteristic of said optical system is calculated by at leastone of a wavefront aberration, a point spread function (PSF), amodulation transfer function (MTF), and a resolving power.
 16. A methodaccording to claim 12, wherein said schematic eye corresponds to an eyeof said wearer who wears the ophthalmic lens.
 17. A method according toclaim 12, wherein the ophthalmic lens is a contact lens, and saidpredetermined offset amount of said optical axis of said temporary lensfrom said optical axis of said schematic eye is not greater than 30°.18. A method according to claim 12, wherein said predetermined offsetamount is divided into a plurality of divisions, each division being notgreater than 10°, and said optical characteristic is obtained at an endpoint of each of said plurality of divisions.
 19. A method according toclaim 12, wherein the ophthalmic lens is an intraocular lens, and saidpredetermined offset amount of said optical axis of said temporary lensfrom said optical axis of said schematic eye is not greater than 4 mm.20. A method according to claim 12, wherein said predetermined offsetamount is divided into a plurality of divisions, each division being notgreater than 2 mm, and said optical characteristic is obtained at an endpoint of each of said plurality of divisions.
 21. A method of producingan ophthalmic lens based on the specifications determined according themethod defined in claim
 12. 22. An ophthalmic lens produced according tothe method defined in claim
 12. 23. A method of designing an ophthalmiclens, comprising the steps of: determining specifications of a temporarylens such that said temporary lens gives an optical power required by awearer of said ophthalmic lens; applying said temporary lens to aprescribed schematic eye such that said temporary lens is located at aposition on said schematic eye corresponding to a stable position on aneye of said wearer in which the ophthalmic lens is held in place;obtaining an optical characteristic of an optical system consisting ofsaid temporary lens and said schematic eye with said temporary lensbeing located at said stable position on said schematic eye; obtainingsuccessively optical characteristics corresponding to differentconfigurations of said temporary lens; selecting optimum one of saiddifferent configurations of said temporary lens which gives optimum oneof the successively obtained optical characteristics; and determiningspecifications of an intended ophthalmic lens as a final product, basedon the selected optimum configuration of said temporary lens.
 24. Amethod according to claim 23, wherein said optical characteristic ofsaid optical system is calculated by at least one of a wavefrontaberration, a point spread function (PSF), a modulation transferfunction (MTF), and a resolving power.
 25. A method according to claim23, wherein said schematic eye corresponds to an eye of said wearer whowears the ophthalmic lens.
 26. A method of producing an ophthalmic lensbased on the specifications determined according the method defined inclaim
 23. 27. An ophthalmic lens produced according to the methoddefined in claim
 23. 28. A method of designing an ophthalmic lens,comprising the steps of: determining specifications of a temporary lenssuch that said temporary lens gives an optical power required by awearer of the ophthalmic lens; applying said temporary lens to aprescribed schematic eye such that said temporary lens is located at aposition on said schematic eye corresponding to a stable position on aneye of said wearer in which the ophthalmic lens is held in place, andeffecting emmetropization of said optical system with said temporarylens being located at said stable position on said schematic eye;obtaining an optical characteristic of said optical system while saidemmetropization of said optical system is established; obtainingsuccessively optical characteristics corresponding to differentconfigurations of said temporary lens; selecting optimum one of saiddifferent configurations of said temporary lens which gives optimum oneof the successively obtained optical characteristics; and determiningspecifications of an intended ophthalmic lens as a final product, basedon the selected optimum configuration of said temporary lens.
 29. Amethod according to claim 28, wherein said emmetropization of saidoptical system is effected by changing at least one of the followingparameters selected from the group consisting of: an axial length ofsaid schematic eye, a radius of curvature of a front surface of a corneaof said schematic eye, a radius curvature of a back surface of thecornea of said schematic eye, a radius of curvature of a front surfaceof a crystalline lens of said schematic eye, a radius of curvature of aback surface of the crystalline lens of said schematic eye, a diameterof a pupil of said schematic eye, and an optical power of a correctivelens.
 30. A method according to 28, wherein said optical characteristicof said optical system is calculated by at least one of a wavefrontaberration, a point spread function (PSF), a modulation transferfunction (MTF), and a resolving power.
 31. A method according to claim28, wherein said schematic eye corresponds to an eye of said wearer whowears the ophthalmic lens.
 32. A method of producing an ophthalmic lensbased on the specifications determined according the method defined inclaim
 28. 33. An ophthalmic lens produced according to the methoddefined in claim 28.